ConclusionsĮxaggeration of one’s personal vulnerability rather than OET per se seems pivotal in OCD, with UP being associated with OCD/OCS+ as well as a more negative course of symptomatology over the pandemic in a nonclinical sample. In Study 2, UP was found for a recovery and death after an infection with SARS-CoV-2, but not for infection itself. UP regarding severe illness predicted an increase in symptoms over time. In Study 1, UP was higher in the OCS+ compared to the OCS− group, and estimates of a higher overall vulnerability for an infection predicted a decrease in OCS over time. In Study 2, we investigated UP in individuals with OCD ( N = 268) regarding the likelihood of getting infected, recovering, or dying from an infection with SARS-CoV-2 at the start of the pandemic and re-assessed OCS 3 months later. Further, OCS status (OCS+/−) was assessed at the start of the pandemic and 3 months later. In Study 1, we investigated UP in the general population ( N = 1,184) at the start of the pandemic asking about overall vulnerability to infection with SARS-CoV-2 and UP regarding infection and outcome of severe illness. To investigate the relationship, we conducted two longitudinal studies assuming that higher UP predicts an increase in OCS. During the COVID-19 pandemic, UP may have played an important role in the course of OCD. Cereb.Unrealistic pessimism (UP) is an aspect of overestimation of threat (OET) that has been associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder/symptoms (OCD/OCS). Volumetry of hippocampus and amygdala with high-resolution MRI and three-dimensional analysis software: minimizing the discrepancies between laboratories. Mapping directed influence over the brain using Granger causality and fMRI. The specificity of autobiographical memory and imageability of the future. Emotion-induced changes in human medial prefrontal cortex: I. Extinction learning in humans: role of the amygdala and vmPFC. Neural correlates of evaluation associated with promotion and prevention regulatory focus. Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulated cortex. Automatic and intentional brain responses during evaluation of trustworthiness of faces. Ventromedial prefrontal cortex activation is critical for preference judgments. Neuroanatomical evidence for distinct cognitive and affective components of self. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey: II. Emotion and cognition: insights from studies of the human amygdala. How personal experience modulates the neural circuitry of memories of September 11. Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): a reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Influence of affective meaning on memory for contextual information. Patients with hippocampal amnesia cannot imagine new experiences. Thinking of the past and past: the roles of the frontal pole and the medial temporal lobe. in The Missing Link in Cognition (eds Terrace, H. Remembering the past and imagining the future: common and distinct neural substrates during event construction and elaboration. Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: the influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Illusion and well-being: a social psychological perspective on mental health. Delusions of success: how optimism undermines executives’ decisions. Depressive symptoms are associated with unrealistic negative predictions of future life events. Subgenual prefrontal cortex abnormalities in mood disorders. Conterfactual reasoning and accuracy in predicting personal events. Unrealistic optimism about future life events. The current study highlights how the brain may generate the tendency to engage in the projection of positive future events, suggesting that the effective integration and regulation of emotional and autobiographical information supports the projection of positive future events in healthy individuals, and is related to optimism. Across individuals, activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex was correlated with trait optimism. These are the same regions that show irregularities in depression 3, which has been related to pessimism 4. Here we report that this tendency was related specifically to enhanced activation in the amygdala and in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex when imagining positive future events relative to negative ones, suggesting a key role for areas involved in monitoring emotional salience in mediating the optimism bias. We examined how the brain generates this pervasive optimism bias. For example, people expect to live longer and be healthier than average 1, they underestimate their likelihood of getting a divorce 1, and overestimate their prospects for success on the job market 2. Humans expect positive events in the future even when there is no evidence to support such expectations.
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